In order to reduce the losses caused by forest fires, countries around the world attach great importance to forest fire monitoring. Forest fire monitoring measures can usually be divided into four spatial levels, namely ground patrol, observation deck observation, air plane patrol and space satellite monitoring. The function of the forest fire monitoring system is to detect the fire in time, accurately detect the fire point, determine the size and direction of the fire, and monitor the whole process of the occurrence and development of the forest fire. However, in Yulinhai, it is not enough to rely on the patrolman to detect the fire. The observation of the observatory is subject to many conditions. Under normal circumstances, the small smoke is not easy to find when it is small, and it often causes disasters when it is discovered. When the fire spreads, the smog is diffused, it is difficult to determine the location and development trend of the fire; the data measured by observing the smoke often has large errors; it is difficult to observe at night. The observation by aircraft patrol is not only costly, but also the most savvy, and the resolution of the image is low. Generally, a few kilometers of fire can be found. Due to the above shortcomings, the Forest Fire Prevention Command may cause unnecessary losses due to inaccurate fire location when formulating fire-fighting plans and mobilizing fire-fighting forces.
With the development of science and technology, high-tech has been continuously applied to forest fire monitoring, and forest fire prevention work is increasingly moving toward high-tech, intelligent, systematic and integrated. Environmental monitoring is a typical type of sensor network application. Compared with traditional environmental monitoring methods, using sensor networks for environmental monitoring has three significant advantages: First, the sensor nodes are small in size and the entire network needs to be deployed only once, so the deployment of sensor networks has little impact on the monitoring environment. . This is especially important in environments that are very sensitive to foreign biological activities. Second, the number of sensor network nodes is large and the distribution density is high. Each node can detect the detailed information of the local environment and summarize it to the base station. Therefore, the sensor network has the characteristics of large data collection and high precision. Third, the wireless sensor node itself has certain computing power and storage capacity, and can perform relatively complex monitoring according to changes in the physical environment. The sensor node also has wireless communication capability, and can perform collaborative monitoring among nodes. By increasing battery capacity and increasing battery efficiency, as well as using low-power wireless communication modules and wireless protocols, the life of the sensor network can be extended for a long time, which ensures the practicality of the sensor network. The node's computing power and wireless communication capabilities enable sensor networks to be reprogrammed and redeployed, responding to environmental changes, sensor network changes, and network control commands in a timely manner, so sensor networks are suitable for a variety of environmental monitoring applications.
1 Wireless sensor network1.1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless network is a wireless communication network composed of many independent wireless nodes, which are composed of radio waves and light waves in the air. It is a wireless network composed of a large number of micro, intelligent, low-power sensors with some kind of network protocol. The purpose is to collaboratively sense, collect, and process information about perceived objects in the geographic area covered by the network and publish it to the viewer. It combines sensor technology, embedded computing technology, distributed information processing technology and wireless communication technology, and is becoming an emerging technology field, which is considered to be one of the most important technologies in the 21st century.
The wireless sensor network node has the functions of wireless communication, data acquisition and processing, cooperation and the like, and can be randomly or specifically arranged in the target environment, can acquire information of the surrounding environment and work together to accomplish specific tasks. The sensor node is mainly composed of functional modules such as a power management module, a sensor, a microprocessor, a memory, and a radio frequency module. A typical sensor node structure is shown in Figure 1.
The power management module provides the other functional units with the energy necessary for proper operation. The sensor is used to sense and acquire external information and convert it into a digital signal through a signal processing circuit. The microprocessor component is responsible for coordinating the work of various parts of the node, such as performing necessary processing, saving, and controlling the working mode of the sensor and the power supply. The RF module is responsible for communicating with other sensors or observers.
1.2 Routing Protocol
The routing protocol is responsible for forwarding data packets from the source node to the destination node through the network. It mainly includes two functions: finding an optimized path between the source node and the destination node, and correctly forwarding the data packet along the optimized path. In wireless sensor networks, node energy is limited and there is generally no energy supplement. Therefore, routing protocols need to use energy efficiently. At the same time, the number of sensor network nodes is often large. The node can only obtain local topology information, and the routing protocol should be able to select the appropriate path based on the local network information. Sensor networks have strong application dependencies, and routing protocols in different applications can vary widely, without a common routing protocol. In addition, the routing mechanism of sensor networks is often associated with data fusion technologies to save energy by reducing traffic. Therefore, the routing protocols of traditional wireless networks are not suitable for wireless sensor networks. Compared with the traditional wireless communication network, the research of traditional wireless communication networks focuses on the quality of service (Qos) of wireless communication, while the wireless sensor nodes are randomly distributed and battery-powered. Therefore, the research focus of wireless sensor network routing protocols is currently In terms of how to improve energy efficiency, the routing protocols of several popular wireless sensor networks include: flooding protocol, Gossiping protocol, SPIN protocol, directed diffusion (DirectedDi shipping) protocol, and LEACH protocol.
1.3 Wireless Sensor Network Management Technology
In the sensor network, the sensor node is a small embedded device, which is powered by a battery with limited energy. Its computing power and communication capability are very limited, so in addition to designing energy efficient MAC protocol, routing protocol and application layer protocol. Also design an optimized network topology control mechanism. For self-organizing wireless sensor networks, network topology control has a large impact on network performance. A good topology can improve the efficiency of the routing protocol and the MAC protocol, and provide a basis for many aspects such as data fusion, time synchronization, and target location, which is beneficial to prolonging the lifetime of the entire network. Therefore, topology control is a fundamental problem in sensor networks.
The main research problem of sensor network topology control is: under the premise of satisfying network coverage and connectivity, through power control and backbone network node selection, eliminating unnecessary communication links between nodes, forming an optimized network structure for data forwarding. . In particular, topology control in sensor networks can be divided into two categories according to the research direction: node power control and hierarchical topology organization. The power control mechanism adjusts the transmit power of each node in the network. Under the premise of satisfying the network connectivity, the single-hop of the equalization node can reach the number of neighbors. Hierarchical topology control utilizes the clustering mechanism to allow some nodes to act as cluster head nodes. The cluster head nodes form a backbone network that processes and forwards data. Other non-backbone nodes can temporarily close the Communication Module and enter a sleep state to save energy. The current development trend of topology control research is based on practical application, combining various mechanisms, emphasizing the adaptability and robustness of network topology control, and improving network communication under the premise of ensuring network connectivity and coverage. Efficiency, maximizing energy savings to extend the life of the entire network. Considering the different application backgrounds and network lifetimes, topology control is generally used.
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