Voltage reference direction diagram

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(1) Some branches of some complex circuits cannot determine the actual direction in advance. For the convenience of analysis, only one direction (reference direction) can be marked arbitrarily, and the actual direction of the current can be determined according to the calculation result.

(2) Some currents in the actual circuit are alternating, and the actual direction cannot be marked. Mark the reference direction, plus the corresponding expression, to show the magnitude and actual direction of the current.

The actual direction of the voltage and the reference direction

(1) The actual direction of the voltage

On a section of the circuit, the actual direction of the voltage is from the high potential to the low potential, that is, the direction of the voltage drop. Positive charges moving in this direction will reduce energy and convert it to other forms of energy.

(2) Reference direction of voltage

Because it is difficult to know the actual direction of a circuit before analyzing and calculating a complex circuit. For AC circuits, the direction of the actual voltage is constantly changing over time, so it is necessary to introduce the concept of voltage reference direction.

In a circuit, the reference direction of the voltage can be set arbitrarily, that is, from the assumed high potential to the assumed low potential. When the actual direction of the voltage is consistent with the reference direction, the voltage is positive; when the two are opposite, the voltage is negative.

Reference direction of voltage

Assumed direction of voltage drop

Example description:

Three ways to indicate the direction of voltage reference

1. It is indicated by an arrow: the arrow points to the reference direction of the voltage (drop)

2. Expressed by positive and negative polarity: the direction from the positive pole to the negative pole is the reference direction of the voltage (decrease)

3. Expressed by double lower bridge: as shown in the figure below, the direction from A to B is the reference direction of voltage (drop)

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