• Increase processing power • Increase communication speed • Increase operating speed • Add peripherals • Increase torque • Increase LED brightness
To achieve "more features" requires more power. Higher power is generally limited by size and/or weight limitations. This is why more and more industries are switching from conventional 12V power distribution to higher voltage 48V power distribution.
Why use 48V?
I2R losses within the system may be detrimental to system efficiency, and may also significantly reduce the power provided to the load due to cable, connector, and/or PCB limitations.
For example, the processor power consumption in servers has increased from less than 100W to 200W, 300W or even higher. If you do not use higher-voltage power distribution or larger copper busbars, the increased power that is distributed to multiple server processors generates more losses. Not just the server, the loss of any design that increases power will increase with the square of the current.
Higher voltage distribution reduces I2R losses. For example, a 48V power distribution scheme can reduce power consumption by a factor of 16 compared to a 12V power distribution scheme. Loss reduction is so huge. How can someone else use a low-voltage (eg, 12V) power distribution scheme? The reason is that if the higher voltage converter is compared with the lower voltage converter, the high voltage power distribution scheme will actually reduce the overall efficiency, increase the cost and increase the size/weight.
But these drawbacks of the converter have basically become history. Today, engineers can not only reduce I2R losses, but also utilize higher voltage converters that can achieve similar, or superior, efficiency, cost, and size/weight specifications as lower voltage converters.
The phone is starting...
We should be grateful for the development of modern telephones and telephone exchanges, which were the earliest applications that used 48V. As you might expect, the communications industry is based on 48V and today still uses 48V.
why? It is more efficient because the losses that occur with changes in distance (as a percentage of the operating voltage) are lower, the standard line requirements are less, the battery backup (also because the negative reference voltage is 48V) is simple, and the voltage level is very safe.
What is the new 48V? is it safe?
Many people regard the use of 48V outside the communications field as a "new 48V" because it is a positive voltage, has no anti-lightning or surge requirements, and is generally limited to a smaller range of 30V to 60V. Compared to 12V applications, voltages below the DC limit of 60V are treated as safety extra-low voltage (SELV) according to their processing requirements. The 48V power distribution scheme minimizes I2R losses without causing SELV issues.
48V is currently used in what areas?
According to reports, 48V is currently widely used in data centers, automobiles, LED lighting, industrial equipment, and even power tools. 48V is everywhere nowadays. It can be said that 48V is the new 12V.
Large-scale adoption of "48V" in data centers
The power consumption and power requirements of data centers and supercomputers are comparable to those of small countries, and efficiency is the key to these high-performance computing centers. With the surge in attention to artificial intelligence, computing solutions require processors to keep pace with increasing power demand. However, providing higher processor power supplies presents practical challenges to using a traditional 12V supply and maintaining efficiency. As a result, engineers turned to 48V power distribution to achieve higher levels of power distribution and overcome these challenges.
Google uses 48V
One of the examples using 48V is Google. Google engineers openly discussed the benefits and cost savings of 48V in their data centers at the 2017 Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC2017) and the 2017 Open Computing Project Conference (OCP2017).
In addition, one of the top 50 Green 500s in 2017 was a bright spot in the 48V program at the Supercomputing Conference. The Green 500 is a ranking of the most efficient high-performance computer systems. This year's four of the top five Green 500 companies are systems designed by the Japanese company PEZY. The company uses 48V power distribution throughout its computer system.
Commercial LED panel brightness is higher, the cost is lower <br> Have you ever wondered how much the lighting cost of Times Square is? The size and power requirements of these huge outdoor LED screens have been growing exponentially for the past 10 years. LED panel performance continues to increase, bringing higher LED pixel density and brightness. Engineers designing these new panels are turning to 48V power distribution to increase efficiency while reducing wire size and weight.
In addition to improving efficiency, these larger facilities also benefit from lighter weight and easier installation. Today, an array of smaller panels can be assembled together to create a brighter, more durable unified display that reduces shipping and installation difficulties. For AC distribution in retail store wall displays and transportation center information displays, 48V power distribution can also provide a lower cost, more secure alternative.
Power Tools Urgently Need More Torque <br> Consumer and professional battery-powered tools follow a similar trend and instead use higher voltages to provide more power. More power allows the tool to achieve longer running times and greater torque. The battery development process for wireless power tools is like this: from about 9V to about 12V, to about 18V to about 20V, then to about 24V, to the present 48V and 60V.
Entering any home center, you can find a variety of 60V battery power tools, some from well-known companies such as DeWalt, some from emerging companies such as the less well-known Greenworks. Similarly, you will find a variety of lighter yard power tools, such as Snapper's high-performance 60V chain saw and lawn mower.
48V for electric vehicles
Based on the appropriate addition of some components to the existing internal combustion engine vehicles, the fuel efficiency of the light hybrid vehicles can be increased by more than 10%. Automotive engineers (such as Delphi's automotive engineers) are using 48V power distribution schemes in light hybrid vehicles to reduce the load on the internal combustion engine by powering the accessories during the "stop" phase of the "start-stop" operation. The original design used a pure 12V battery scheme, but the system was underpowered during the stop period and could not fully operate all the functions in the car. The 48V program has now proved to be the most efficient alternative.
Powering Robots and Industrial Equipment <br> Industrial equipment covers a large number of products and they are fully exploiting the advantages of 48V. The reason is also to increase power.
• Kiva Systems is a robotic execution system for large warehouses that is using 48V power distribution to provide full support for Amazon warehouses.
• Advantest uses 48V to minimize the size of its ATE product wires to increase power with finer wires.
• CAT provides 48V warehouse trucks. Other examples of 48V applications are process control, manufacturing equipment, and factory automation equipment.
48V is 12V
If more power is needed, consider 48V power distribution. Engineers discovered that the loss caused by using only 12V power to increase power is restricting their systems. Compared to 12V systems, today's enhanced 48V converters/regulators can achieve high efficiency, low cost, and small size/lightweight advantages.
Many power supply designs are taking advantage of the ability to convert directly from 48V to a load voltage, eliminating the need for a single regulator that first regulates to 12V to replace multiple mid-range regulators.
The 48V DC/DC has made great progress in the past few years, and now there are many component suppliers providing 48V solutions. Vicor's 48V DC/DC regulators and isolated converters refresh efficiency, density, and cost performance through several proprietary design techniques, including:
• High-efficiency switching topologies such as zero-voltage switching • 3D packaging technology enabling high-density power packaging such as SM-Chip packaging
In addition, engineers designing 48V systems can use Vicor's online selection/design tools to reduce design time and ensure optimized solutions.
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